Particle Systems in Godot 4.3+

All examples target Godot 4.3+ with no deprecated APIs. GDScript is shown first, then C#.

Related skills: shader-basics for custom particle shaders, 3d-essentials for lighting and environment that affect particles, 2d-essentials for 2D rendering context, tween-animation for code-driven VFX timing, godot-optimization for particle performance tuning.

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1. Core Concepts

GPU vs CPU Particles

Node	Processing	Features	Use For
GPUParticles2D	GPU	Full features, high counts, trails	Most 2D effects
GPUParticles3D	GPU	Full features, attractors, collision	Most 3D effects
CPUParticles2D	CPU	Simpler, no trails/attractors	Low-end devices, few particles
CPUParticles3D	CPU	Simpler, no trails/attractors	Low-end devices, few particles

Rule of thumb: Use GPU particles by default. Switch to CPU particles only for low-end/web targets or when you need CPU-side particle positions (e.g., spawning objects at particle locations).

You can convert between GPU and CPU particles in the editor: select the node → toolbar → Convert to CPUParticles2D/3D (or vice versa).

Particle System Architecture

GPUParticles2D/3D
├── Process Material (ParticleProcessMaterial)   ← physics, emission, color
├── Draw Pass 1 (Mesh)                            ← what each particle looks like
└── (Optional) Draw Pass 2-4                      ← additional meshes

Minimal Setup

1. Add a GPUParticles2D (or 3D) node
2. In Inspector → Process Material → New ParticleProcessMaterial
3. Set Amount (number of particles)
4. Configure emission, direction, velocity, gravity
5. (2D) Set Texture for particle appearance
6. (3D) Set Draw Pass 1 mesh (QuadMesh for billboards, or custom mesh)

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2. Key Node Properties

GPUParticles2D/3D Properties

Property	Type	Description
emitting	bool	Start/stop emission
amount	int	Total particles alive at once
lifetime	float	Seconds each particle lives
one_shot	bool	Emit once then stop
preprocess	float	Simulate this many seconds before first frame
speed_scale	float	Time multiplier for particle physics
explosiveness	float	0.0 = spread over lifetime, 1.0 = all at once
fixed_fps	int	Lock particle update rate (0 = match render FPS)
local_coords	bool	Particles move with the node (true) or stay in world (false)
draw_order	enum	Index, Lifetime, or Reverse Lifetime
amount_ratio	float	Fraction of particles to emit (0.0–1.0)

One-Shot vs Continuous

# Continuous emitter (fire, smoke, ambient dust)
$GPUParticles2D.one_shot = false
$GPUParticles2D.emitting = true

# One-shot burst (explosion, impact splash)
$GPUParticles2D.one_shot = true
$GPUParticles2D.emitting = false  # arm it
# Later, trigger:
$GPUParticles2D.restart()
$GPUParticles2D.emitting = true

// Continuous
var particles = GetNode<GpuParticles2D>("GPUParticles2D");
particles.OneShot = false;
particles.Emitting = true;

// One-shot burst
particles.OneShot = true;
particles.Emitting = false;
// Trigger:
particles.Restart();
particles.Emitting = true;

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3. ParticleProcessMaterial — Essential Properties

Emission Shape

Shape	Description
Point	All particles spawn at origin
Sphere	Random position within a sphere
Sphere Surface	Random position on sphere surface only
Box	Random position within a box
Ring	Random position on a ring/torus
Points	Spawn at positions from a texture/mesh
Directed Points	Spawn at positions with normals from mesh

var mat := ParticleProcessMaterial.new()
mat.emission_shape = ParticleProcessMaterial.EMISSION_SHAPE_SPHERE
mat.emission_sphere_radius = 2.0

var mat = new ParticleProcessMaterial();
mat.EmissionShape = ParticleProcessMaterial.EmissionShapeEnum.Sphere;
mat.EmissionSphereRadius = 2.0f;

Direction, Velocity & Gravity

var mat := ParticleProcessMaterial.new()

# Direction particles move (normalized)
mat.direction = Vector3(0.0, 1.0, 0.0)  # upward
mat.spread = 30.0  # degrees of randomness around direction

# Speed
mat.initial_velocity_min = 5.0
mat.initial_velocity_max = 10.0

# Gravity
mat.gravity = Vector3(0.0, -9.8, 0.0)

var mat = new ParticleProcessMaterial();
mat.Direction = new Vector3(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);
mat.Spread = 30.0f;
mat.InitialVelocityMin = 5.0f;
mat.InitialVelocityMax = 10.0f;
mat.Gravity = new Vector3(0.0f, -9.8f, 0.0f);

Scale Over Lifetime

mat.scale_min = 1.0
mat.scale_max = 1.5

# Scale curve — shrink over lifetime
var curve := CurveTexture.new()
var c := Curve.new()
c.add_point(Vector2(0.0, 1.0))  # full size at birth
c.add_point(Vector2(1.0, 0.0))  # zero at death
curve.curve = c
mat.scale_curve = curve

var mat = new ParticleProcessMaterial();
mat.ScaleMin = 1.0f;
mat.ScaleMax = 1.5f;

var curve = new CurveTexture();
var c = new Curve();
c.AddPoint(new Vector2(0.0f, 1.0f));
c.AddPoint(new Vector2(1.0f, 0.0f));
curve.Curve = c;
mat.ScaleCurve = curve;

Color Over Lifetime

# Gradient: white → orange → transparent
var grad := GradientTexture1D.new()
var g := Gradient.new()
g.set_color(0, Color(1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0))  # start: white
g.add_point(0.5, Color(1.0, 0.5, 0.0, 0.8))  # middle: orange
g.set_color(1, Color(1.0, 0.2, 0.0, 0.0))  # end: transparent red
grad.gradient = g
mat.color_ramp = grad

var grad = new GradientTexture1D();
var g = new Gradient();
g.SetColor(0, new Color(1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f));
g.AddPoint(0.5f, new Color(1.0f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.8f));
g.SetColor(1, new Color(1.0f, 0.2f, 0.0f, 0.0f));
grad.Gradient = g;
mat.ColorRamp = grad;

Damping & Acceleration

# Damping — slow particles down over time (smoke deceleration)
mat.damping_min = 2.0
mat.damping_max = 5.0

# Radial acceleration — push away from center (explosion) or pull in (implosion)
mat.radial_accel_min = 5.0   # positive = outward
mat.radial_accel_max = 8.0

# Tangential acceleration — orbit around center
mat.tangential_accel_min = 2.0
mat.tangential_accel_max = 3.0

Angular Velocity (Rotation)

mat.angular_velocity_min = -90.0  # degrees per second
mat.angular_velocity_max = 90.0

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4. Common VFX Recipes

Fire (2D)

func create_fire() -> GPUParticles2D:
    var fire := GPUParticles2D.new()
    fire.amount = 50
    fire.lifetime = 0.8
    fire.local_coords = false

    var mat := ParticleProcessMaterial.new()
    mat.direction = Vector3(0, -1, 0)  # upward in 2D (Y is inverted)
    mat.spread = 15.0
    mat.initial_velocity_min = 40.0
    mat.initial_velocity_max = 80.0
    mat.gravity = Vector3(0, 0, 0)  # no gravity for fire
    mat.scale_min = 0.5
    mat.scale_max = 1.0
    mat.damping_min = 3.0
    mat.damping_max = 5.0

    # Color: bright yellow → orange → transparent
    var grad := GradientTexture1D.new()
    var g := Gradient.new()
    g.set_color(0, Color(1.0, 0.9, 0.3, 1.0))
    g.add_point(0.4, Color(1.0, 0.4, 0.0, 0.8))
    g.set_color(1, Color(0.5, 0.1, 0.0, 0.0))
    grad.gradient = g
    mat.color_ramp = grad

    # Shrink over lifetime
    var curve := CurveTexture.new()
    var c := Curve.new()
    c.add_point(Vector2(0.0, 1.0))
    c.add_point(Vector2(1.0, 0.0))
    curve.curve = c
    mat.scale_curve = curve

    fire.process_material = mat
    fire.texture = preload("res://textures/particles/soft_circle.png")
    return fire

Explosion Burst (One-Shot)

func spawn_explosion(pos: Vector2) -> void:
    var particles := GPUParticles2D.new()
    particles.amount = 30
    particles.lifetime = 0.5
    particles.one_shot = true
    particles.explosiveness = 1.0  # all at once
    particles.position = pos

    var mat := ParticleProcessMaterial.new()
    mat.emission_shape = ParticleProcessMaterial.EMISSION_SHAPE_SPHERE
    mat.emission_sphere_radius = 5.0
    mat.direction = Vector3(0, 0, 0)
    mat.spread = 180.0  # full sphere
    mat.initial_velocity_min = 100.0
    mat.initial_velocity_max = 200.0
    mat.damping_min = 5.0
    mat.damping_max = 10.0
    mat.scale_min = 0.5
    mat.scale_max = 1.5

    var grad := GradientTexture1D.new()
    var g := Gradient.new()
    g.set_color(0, Color(1.0, 1.0, 0.5, 1.0))
    g.set_color(1, Color(1.0, 0.3, 0.0, 0.0))
    grad.gradient = g
    mat.color_ramp = grad

    particles.process_material = mat
    particles.texture = preload("res://textures/particles/soft_circle.png")
    add_child(particles)
    particles.emitting = true

    # Auto-cleanup after particles die
    get_tree().create_timer(particles.lifetime + 0.5).timeout.connect(particles.queue_free)

public void SpawnExplosion(Vector2 pos)
{
    var particles = new GpuParticles2D();
    particles.Amount = 30;
    particles.Lifetime = 0.5f;
    particles.OneShot = true;
    particles.Explosiveness = 1.0f;
    particles.Position = pos;

    var mat = new ParticleProcessMaterial();
    mat.EmissionShape = ParticleProcessMaterial.EmissionShapeEnum.Sphere;
    mat.EmissionSphereRadius = 5.0f;
    mat.Direction = Vector3.Zero;
    mat.Spread = 180.0f;
    mat.InitialVelocityMin = 100.0f;
    mat.InitialVelocityMax = 200.0f;
    mat.DampingMin = 5.0f;
    mat.DampingMax = 10.0f;
    mat.ScaleMin = 0.5f;
    mat.ScaleMax = 1.5f;

    var grad = new GradientTexture1D();
    var g = new Gradient();
    g.SetColor(0, new Color(1.0f, 1.0f, 0.5f, 1.0f));
    g.SetColor(1, new Color(1.0f, 0.3f, 0.0f, 0.0f));
    grad.Gradient = g;
    mat.ColorRamp = grad;

    particles.ProcessMaterial = mat;
    particles.Texture = GD.Load<Texture2D>("res://textures/particles/soft_circle.png");
    AddChild(particles);
    particles.Emitting = true;

    GetTree().CreateTimer(particles.Lifetime + 0.5f).Timeout += particles.QueueFree;
}

Dust / Footstep Puff

func spawn_dust(pos: Vector2) -> void:
    var dust := GPUParticles2D.new()
    dust.amount = 8
    dust.lifetime = 0.4
    dust.one_shot = true
    dust.explosiveness = 0.8
    dust.position = pos

    var mat := ParticleProcessMaterial.new()
    mat.direction = Vector3(0, -1, 0)
    mat.spread = 60.0
    mat.initial_velocity_min = 20.0
    mat.initial_velocity_max = 40.0
    mat.gravity = Vector3(0, 50, 0)  # settle downward in 2D
    mat.scale_min = 0.3
    mat.scale_max = 0.6
    mat.color = Color(0.7, 0.65, 0.55, 0.6)

    var grad := GradientTexture1D.new()
    var g := Gradient.new()
    g.set_color(0, Color(1, 1, 1, 0.6))
    g.set_color(1, Color(1, 1, 1, 0.0))
    grad.gradient = g
    mat.color_ramp = grad

    dust.process_material = mat
    dust.texture = preload("res://textures/particles/soft_circle.png")
    add_child(dust)
    dust.emitting = true
    get_tree().create_timer(1.0).timeout.connect(dust.queue_free)

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5. Trails (Forward+ and Mobile only)

Trails create ribbon or tube shapes that follow each particle's path.

Setup

GPUParticles3D
├── Trail Enabled = true
├── Trail Lifetime = 0.3
├── Process Material (ParticleProcessMaterial)
└── Draw Pass 1 (mesh for particle head)

The trail mesh is auto-generated. Configure its appearance:

Property	Description
trail_enabled	Turn trails on/off
trail_lifetime	How long the trail lingers (seconds)

Trail Mesh Types

For Draw Pass 1, create a RibbonTrailMesh or TubeTrailMesh:

Mesh Type	Shape	Best For
RibbonTrailMesh	Flat quad strip	Sword swings, streaks
TubeTrailMesh	Cylindrical	Lasers, energy trails

var particles := GPUParticles3D.new()
particles.trail_enabled = true
particles.trail_lifetime = 0.3
particles.amount = 20

var trail_mesh := RibbonTrailMesh.new()
trail_mesh.size = 0.2  # trail width
trail_mesh.sections = 4
trail_mesh.section_length = 0.1
particles.draw_pass_1 = trail_mesh

var particles = new GpuParticles3D();
particles.TrailEnabled = true;
particles.TrailLifetime = 0.3f;
particles.Amount = 20;

var trailMesh = new RibbonTrailMesh();
trailMesh.Size = 0.2f;
trailMesh.Sections = 4;
trailMesh.SectionLength = 0.1f;
particles.DrawPass1 = trailMesh;

Important: Trail materials need Use Particle Trails enabled in the StandardMaterial3D's Transform section to render correctly.

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6. Subemitters

Subemitters are child particle systems that spawn in response to parent particle events.

Trigger Modes

Mode	Spawns When	Key Property
Constant	At regular intervals per particle	frequency (per second)
At End	When a parent particle dies	amount_at_end
At Collision	When a particle hits a collision node	amount_at_collision

Setup

1. Create two GPUParticles3D nodes in the same scene
2. On the parent's ParticleProcessMaterial → Sub Emitter → assign the child system
3. Set the sub emitter Mode and amount/frequency

# Parent material setup
var parent_mat := ParticleProcessMaterial.new()
parent_mat.sub_emitter_mode = ParticleProcessMaterial.SUB_EMITTER_AT_END
parent_mat.sub_emitter_amount_at_end = 8
parent_mat.sub_emitter_keep_velocity = true

# Assign child particle system as sub-emitter
$ParentParticles.process_material = parent_mat
parent_mat.sub_emitter_node = $ChildParticles.get_path()

Limitations

• Child particle amount caps the total active sub-emitter particles
• explosiveness has no effect on subemitters
• A system cannot be its own subemitter
• Subemitters can chain (sub-sub-emitters) but watch performance

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7. Attractors & Collision (3D only)

Attractors

Pull or repel particles. Enable Attractor Interaction on the ParticleProcessMaterial first.

Node	Shape	Notes
GPUParticlesAttractorBox3D	Box	size controls extents
GPUParticlesAttractorSphere3D	Sphere	radius controls size
GPUParticlesAttractorVectorField3D	Vector field	Uses 3D texture for directions

# Create a sphere attractor that pulls particles in
var attractor := GPUParticlesAttractorSphere3D.new()
attractor.radius = 5.0
attractor.strength = 3.0      # positive = pull, negative = repel
attractor.attenuation = 1.0   # falloff curve
attractor.position = Vector3(0, 2, 0)
add_child(attractor)

# Don't forget to enable on the material!
var mat: ParticleProcessMaterial = $GPUParticles3D.process_material
mat.attractor_interaction_enabled = true

var attractor = new GpuParticlesAttractorSphere3D();
attractor.Radius = 5.0f;
attractor.Strength = 3.0f;
attractor.Attenuation = 1.0f;
attractor.Position = new Vector3(0, 2, 0);
AddChild(attractor);

var mat = GetNode<GpuParticles3D>("GPUParticles3D").ProcessMaterial as ParticleProcessMaterial;
mat.AttractorInteractionEnabled = true;

Collision Nodes

Make particles bounce or stop on surfaces.

Node	Shape	Notes
GPUParticlesCollisionBox3D	Box	Simple, fast
GPUParticlesCollisionSphere3D	Sphere	Simple, fast
GPUParticlesCollisionHeightField3D	Height field	Terrain — auto-updates
GPUParticlesCollisionSDF3D	SDF (baked)	Complex geometry, Forward+ only

Configure collision response on the ParticleProcessMaterial:

mat.collision_mode = ParticleProcessMaterial.COLLISION_RIGID  # bounce off
mat.collision_bounce = 0.3   # bounciness
mat.collision_friction = 0.5  # sliding resistance

mat.CollisionMode = ParticleProcessMaterial.CollisionModeEnum.Rigid;
mat.CollisionBounce = 0.3f;
mat.CollisionFriction = 0.5f;

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8. Turbulence

Noise-based movement that adds organic variation. Enable on ParticleProcessMaterial.

mat.turbulence_enabled = true
mat.turbulence_noise_strength = 2.0
mat.turbulence_noise_scale = 1.5
mat.turbulence_noise_speed = Vector3(0.5, 0.0, 0.0)  # pan direction
mat.turbulence_influence_min = 0.3
mat.turbulence_influence_max = 0.8

mat.TurbulenceEnabled = true;
mat.TurbulenceNoiseStrength = 2.0f;
mat.TurbulenceNoiseScale = 1.5f;
mat.TurbulenceNoiseSpeed = new Vector3(0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
mat.TurbulenceInfluenceMin = 0.3f;
mat.TurbulenceInfluenceMax = 0.8f;

Performance: 3D noise is GPU-intensive. Use sparingly on mobile/web targets. Higher noise_scale values are cheaper but produce weaker turbulence.

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9. Flipbook Animation (2D)

Animate sprite sheet textures on particles.

Setup

1. Set the particle Texture to a sprite sheet
2. On the GPUParticles2D, set the CanvasItemMaterial (not the process material):
   • Material → New CanvasItemMaterial
   • Enable Particle Animation
   • Set H Frames and V Frames to match the sheet layout
3. On the ParticleProcessMaterial, configure Animation:
   • anim_speed_min / anim_speed_max — playback speed
   • anim_offset_min / anim_offset_max — random start frame

# Process material animation settings
mat.anim_speed_min = 1.0
mat.anim_speed_max = 1.5
mat.anim_offset_min = 0.0
mat.anim_offset_max = 0.5  # random start position in the animation

Use Add blend mode on the CanvasItemMaterial for particles with black backgrounds (fire, sparks, magic).

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10. Performance Tips

Technique	Savings	When to Use
Lower amount	Linear GPU savings	Always — use minimum needed
fixed_fps = 30	Halves particle updates	Background particles, ambient
amount_ratio < 1.0	Scale down dynamically	Quality settings slider
Smaller textures	Less VRAM + bandwidth	Mobile, many particle systems
local_coords = true	Cheaper transforms	When particles should move with node
Disable turbulence	Removes 3D noise cost	Mobile/web targets
Fewer trail_sections	Less trail geometry	When trail smoothness isn't critical
visibility_rect (2D)	Skips off-screen	Always set for 2D particles

Dynamic Quality Scaling

# Adjust particle density based on quality setting
func set_particle_quality(level: float) -> void:
    # level: 0.25 (low) to 1.0 (high)
    for particles in get_tree().get_nodes_in_group("particles"):
        if particles is GPUParticles2D or particles is GPUParticles3D:
            particles.amount_ratio = level

public void SetParticleQuality(float level)
{
    foreach (var node in GetTree().GetNodesInGroup("particles"))
    {
        if (node is GpuParticles2D p2d)
            p2d.AmountRatio = level;
        else if (node is GpuParticles3D p3d)
            p3d.AmountRatio = level;
    }
}

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11. Common Pitfalls

Symptom	Cause	Fix
Particles invisible	No texture (2D) or no draw pass mesh (3D)	Set texture or assign a mesh to Draw Pass 1
Particles appear then vanish immediately	lifetime too short	Increase lifetime (default 1.0s)
One-shot doesn't re-trigger	Need to call restart() before setting emitting = true	Call restart() then set emitting = true
Particles emit in wrong direction	direction or gravity misconfigured	In 2D, Y is inverted — upward is Vector3(0, -1, 0)
Particles don't follow the node	local_coords is false	Set local_coords = true for attached effects
Particles pop in (no pre-warming)	No preprocess time set	Set preprocess to 1–2x lifetime for ambient effects
Color ramp has no effect	Using color property which overrides ramp	Clear the base color (set to white) when using color_ramp
Trails not rendering	Missing trail material setup or wrong renderer	Enable "Use Particle Trails" on material; use Forward+ or Mobile
Attractors have no effect	attractor_interaction_enabled is false	Enable on the ParticleProcessMaterial
Subemitter not spawning	Child amount is too low to accommodate spawns	Increase child system's amount
Particles flicker on mobile	fixed_fps not set or too high	Set fixed_fps = 30 for consistency across devices

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12. Implementation Checklist

• Particle amount is set to the minimum needed for the visual effect
• lifetime matches the visual duration — not too short or too long
• one_shot is enabled for burst effects (explosions, impacts)
• preprocess is set for always-visible ambient effects (fire, smoke, dust)
• Emission shape matches the source geometry (sphere for explosions, box for area effects)
• color_ramp fades alpha to 0 at the end so particles don't vanish abruptly
• scale_curve shrinks particles over lifetime for natural fade
• local_coords is set correctly — true for attached effects, false for world-space
• One-shot particles are cleaned up with queue_free after lifetime + margin
• visibility_rect (2D) is set to prevent particles from being culled prematurely
• Dynamic quality scaling uses amount_ratio for player-accessible quality settings
• Performance-heavy features (turbulence, trails) are disabled on low-end targets