Strict TypeScript conventions: strict mode config, no-any rules, utility types, discriminated unions, branded types, and error handling patterns.

Strict Mode Configuration

Always enable strict mode. Use this tsconfig.json base:

{
  "compilerOptions": {
    "strict": true,
    "noUncheckedIndexedAccess": true,
    "noImplicitOverride": true,
    "noPropertyAccessFromIndexSignature": true,
    "noFallthroughCasesInSwitch": true,
    "forceConsistentCasingInFileNames": true,
    "exactOptionalPropertyTypes": true,
    "verbatimModuleSyntax": true
  }
}

What `strict: true` Enables

strictNullChecks — null and undefined are their own types
strictFunctionTypes — function parameter types are checked strictly
strictBindCallApply — bind, call, apply are typed correctly
strictPropertyInitialization — class properties must be initialized
noImplicitAny — no implicit any types
noImplicitThis — this must have an explicit type
alwaysStrict — emit "use strict" in every file

No `any` Rules

Never use any — use unknown when the type is truly unknown
Use unknown and narrow — type guards, instanceof, typeof
Use generics for flexible types — function parse<T>(input: string): T
Use Record<string, unknown> over object — more explicit
Suppress with // @ts-expect-error (not // @ts-ignore) — @ts-expect-error fails if the error is fixed

// Bad
function parse(data: any): any {
  return JSON.parse(data);
}

// Good
function parse(data: string): unknown {
  return JSON.parse(data);
}

// Good — with type guard
function isUser(value: unknown): value is User {
  return (
    typeof value === "object" &&
    value !== null &&
    "id" in value &&
    "email" in value
  );
}

const data: unknown = parse(input);
if (isUser(data)) {
  console.log(data.email); // typed as User
}

Utility Types

Use built-in utility types instead of manual type construction:

Utility	Use Case	Example
`Partial<T>`	All properties optional	Update DTOs: `Partial<User>`
`Required<T>`	All properties required	Override optionals
`Pick<T, K>`	Select specific properties	`Pick<User, "id" \| "name">`
`Omit<T, K>`	Remove specific properties	`Omit<User, "password">`
`Readonly<T>`	All properties readonly	Immutable state
`Record<K, V>`	Object with known key/value types	`Record<string, number>`
`Extract<T, U>`	Extract union members matching U	`Extract<Status, "active" \| "pending">`
`Exclude<T, U>`	Remove union members matching U	`Exclude<Status, "deleted">`
`NonNullable<T>`	Remove null/undefined	`NonNullable<string \| null>` -> `string`
`ReturnType<T>`	Extract return type of function	`ReturnType<typeof fetchUser>`
`Awaited<T>`	Unwrap Promise type	`Awaited<Promise<User>>` -> `User`

// Compose utility types for DTOs
interface User {
  id: string;
  email: string;
  name: string;
  password: string;
  role: "admin" | "user";
  createdAt: Date;
}

type CreateUserInput = Omit<User, "id" | "createdAt">;
type UpdateUserInput = Partial<Omit<User, "id" | "createdAt">>;
type PublicUser = Omit<User, "password">;

Discriminated Unions

Use discriminated unions for type-safe state management and variant types:

// Define a discriminated union with a literal "type" field
type ApiResult<T> =
  | { status: "loading" }
  | { status: "success"; data: T }
  | { status: "error"; error: Error };

function renderResult<T>(result: ApiResult<T>) {
  switch (result.status) {
    case "loading":
      return <Spinner />;
    case "success":
      return <DataView data={result.data} />;  // data is available
    case "error":
      return <ErrorView error={result.error} />;  // error is available
  }
}

Rules

Use a literal type or kind field as the discriminant
Handle all variants — enable noFallthroughCasesInSwitch
Use exhaustive checks — add a never default case

// Exhaustive switch — compile error if a variant is missed
function assertNever(value: never): never {
  throw new Error(`Unhandled variant: ${JSON.stringify(value)}`);
}

function handleEvent(event: AppEvent) {
  switch (event.type) {
    case "click":
      return handleClick(event);
    case "keypress":
      return handleKeypress(event);
    default:
      return assertNever(event); // Compile error if new variant is added
  }
}

Common Patterns

// Action types for reducers
type Action =
  | { type: "SET_USER"; payload: User }
  | { type: "SET_ERROR"; payload: string }
  | { type: "RESET" };

// API responses
type Response =
  | { ok: true; data: User[] }
  | { ok: false; error: string };

// Form field types
type FormField =
  | { kind: "text"; value: string; maxLength?: number }
  | { kind: "number"; value: number; min?: number; max?: number }
  | { kind: "select"; value: string; options: string[] }
  | { kind: "checkbox"; value: boolean };

Branded Types

Use branded types to prevent mixing semantically different values that share a primitive type:

// Define branded types
type UserId = string & { readonly __brand: "UserId" };
type OrderId = string & { readonly __brand: "OrderId" };
type Email = string & { readonly __brand: "Email" };

// Constructor functions with validation
function UserId(id: string): UserId {
  if (!id.startsWith("usr_")) throw new Error("Invalid user ID");
  return id as UserId;
}

function Email(value: string): Email {
  if (!/^[^\s@]+@[^\s@]+\.[^\s@]+$/.test(value)) {
    throw new Error("Invalid email");
  }
  return value as Email;
}

// Type safety — can't mix them up
function getUser(id: UserId): Promise<User> { /* ... */ }
function getOrder(id: OrderId): Promise<Order> { /* ... */ }

const userId = UserId("usr_abc123");
const orderId = OrderId("ord_xyz789");

getUser(userId);    // OK
getUser(orderId);   // Compile error — OrderId is not UserId

Error Handling Patterns

Result Type

Use a Result type instead of throwing exceptions for expected errors:

type Result<T, E = Error> =
  | { ok: true; value: T }
  | { ok: false; error: E };

// Helper constructors
function ok<T>(value: T): Result<T, never> {
  return { ok: true, value };
}

function err<E>(error: E): Result<never, E> {
  return { ok: false, error };
}

// Usage
async function createUser(input: CreateUserInput): Promise<Result<User, CreateUserError>> {
  const existing = await db.findByEmail(input.email);
  if (existing) {
    return err({ code: "EMAIL_EXISTS", message: "Email already registered" });
  }

  const user = await db.create(input);
  return ok(user);
}

// Caller handles both cases
const result = await createUser(input);
if (result.ok) {
  console.log("Created:", result.value.id);
} else {
  console.error("Failed:", result.error.message);
}

Custom Error Classes

class AppError extends Error {
  constructor(
    message: string,
    public readonly code: string,
    public readonly statusCode: number = 500,
    public readonly cause?: unknown,
  ) {
    super(message);
    this.name = this.constructor.name;
  }
}

class NotFoundError extends AppError {
  constructor(resource: string, id: string) {
    super(`${resource} not found: ${id}`, "NOT_FOUND", 404);
  }
}

class ValidationError extends AppError {
  constructor(
    message: string,
    public readonly fields: Record<string, string>,
  ) {
    super(message, "VALIDATION_ERROR", 400);
  }
}

Rules

Use Result types for expected failures — validation, not-found, business rules
Throw exceptions for unexpected failures — programming errors, system failures
Type your errors — don't use catch (e: any)
Use cause for error chains — new Error("Failed to save", { cause: originalError })

Type Narrowing Techniques

// typeof
function format(value: string | number): string {
  if (typeof value === "string") return value.trim();
  return value.toFixed(2);
}

// instanceof
function handleError(error: unknown): string {
  if (error instanceof AppError) return error.code;
  if (error instanceof Error) return error.message;
  return String(error);
}

// in operator
function getArea(shape: Circle | Rectangle): number {
  if ("radius" in shape) return Math.PI * shape.radius ** 2;
  return shape.width * shape.height;
}

// Custom type guard
function isDefined<T>(value: T | null | undefined): value is T {
  return value !== null && value !== undefined;
}

const users = [getUser(1), getUser(2), null].filter(isDefined);
// type: User[]

Anti-patterns

Using any to silence type errors — find the correct type or use unknown
Type assertions (as) without validation — narrow with type guards instead
Enums — prefer union types of string literals for better tree-shaking
Boolean constructor as filter — .filter(Boolean) loses type narrowing; use .filter(isDefined)
Ignoring strictNullChecks — the single most valuable strict check
Overusing ! non-null assertion — it lies to the compiler; handle the null case
Complex conditional types in application code — keep them in library/utility code

TypeScript Strict

Strict Mode Configuration

What strict: true Enables

No any Rules

Utility Types

Discriminated Unions

Rules

Common Patterns

Branded Types

Error Handling Patterns

Result Type

Custom Error Classes

Rules

Type Narrowing Techniques

Anti-patterns

What `strict: true` Enables

No `any` Rules