api-testing

Overview

Tests target handler behavior directly — call handler(input, ctx), assert on the return value or thrown error. The framework's handler factory (try/catch, formatting, telemetry) is not involved. Use createMockContext from @cyanheads/mcp-ts-core/testing to construct the ctx argument.

Philosophy: Test behavior, not implementation. Refactors should not break tests. Match the repo's existing test layout: fresh scaffolds use tests/, while colocated src/**/*.test.ts files are also supported. Integration tests at I/O boundaries over unit tests of internals.

---

createMockContext options

import { createMockContext } from '@cyanheads/mcp-ts-core/testing';

createMockContext()                                           // minimal — ctx.state operations throw without tenantId
createMockContext({ tenantId: 'test-tenant' })               // enables ctx.state (tenant-scoped in-memory storage)
createMockContext({ sample: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(...) }) // with MCP sampling
createMockContext({ elicit: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(...) }) // with elicitation
createMockContext({ progress: true })                        // with task progress (ctx.progress populated)
createMockContext({ requestId: 'my-id' })                    // override request ID (default: 'test-request-id')
createMockContext({ notifyResourceListChanged: () => {} })   // with resource-list change notifier
createMockContext({ notifyResourceUpdated: (_uri) => {} })   // with resource update notifier
createMockContext({ signal: controller.signal })             // custom AbortSignal
createMockContext({ auth: { clientId: 'test', scopes: [], sub: 'test-user' } }) // with auth context
createMockContext({ uri: new URL('myscheme://item/123') })   // for resource handler testing

MockContextOptions interface:

interface MockContextOptions {
  auth?: AuthContext;
  elicit?: (message: string, schema: z.ZodObject<z.ZodRawShape>) => Promise<ElicitResult>;
  notifyResourceListChanged?: () => void;
  notifyResourceUpdated?: (uri: string) => void;
  progress?: boolean;
  requestId?: string;
  sample?: (messages: SamplingMessage[], opts?: SamplingOpts) => Promise<CreateMessageResult>;
  signal?: AbortSignal;
  tenantId?: string;
  uri?: URL;
}

Option	Effect
(none)	Minimal context — ctx.state operations throw without tenantId; ctx.elicit/ctx.sample/ctx.progress are undefined
auth	Sets ctx.auth for scope-checking tests
elicit	Assigns a function to ctx.elicit for testing elicitation calls
notifyResourceListChanged	Assigns ctx.notifyResourceListChanged for resource notification tests
notifyResourceUpdated	Assigns ctx.notifyResourceUpdated for resource update notification tests
progress	Populates ctx.progress with real state-tracking implementation (see below)
requestId	Overrides ctx.requestId (default: 'test-request-id')
sample	Assigns a function to ctx.sample for testing sampling calls
signal	Overrides ctx.signal — useful for cancellation testing
tenantId	Sets ctx.tenantId and enables ctx.state operations with in-memory storage
uri	Sets ctx.uri for resource handler testing

Mock progress

When progress: true, ctx.progress is a real state-tracking object — not vi.fn() spies. It maintains internal state accessible via inspection properties:

const ctx = createMockContext({ progress: true });
// ctx.progress is typed as ContextProgress, but the mock exposes internal state:
const progress = ctx.progress as ContextProgress & {
  _total: number;
  _completed: number;
  _messages: string[];
};

await ctx.progress!.setTotal(10);
await ctx.progress!.increment(3);
await ctx.progress!.update('step message');

expect(progress._total).toBe(10);
expect(progress._completed).toBe(3);
expect(progress._messages).toContain('step message');

Mock logger

ctx.log captures all log calls for inspection:

const ctx = createMockContext();
const log = ctx.log as ContextLogger & {
  calls: Array<{ level: string; msg: string; data?: unknown }>;
};

await myTool.handler(input, ctx);
expect(log.calls.some(c => c.level === 'info' && c.msg.includes('Processing'))).toBe(true);

---

Full test example

// tests/tools/my-tool.tool.test.ts
import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest';
import { createMockContext } from '@cyanheads/mcp-ts-core/testing';
import { myTool } from '@/mcp-server/tools/definitions/my-tool.tool.js';

describe('myTool', () => {
  it('returns expected output', async () => {
    const ctx = createMockContext();
    const input = myTool.input.parse({ query: 'hello' });
    const result = await myTool.handler(input, ctx);
    expect(result.result).toBe('Found: hello');
  });

  it('throws on invalid state', async () => {
    const ctx = createMockContext();
    const input = myTool.input.parse({ query: 'TRIGGER_ERROR' });
    await expect(myTool.handler(input, ctx)).rejects.toThrow();
  });

  it('formats response completely', () => {
    const result = { result: 'test' };
    const blocks = myTool.format!(result);
    expect(blocks[0].type).toBe('text');
    expect((blocks[0] as { text?: string }).text).toContain('test');
  });
});

Parse input through myTool.input.parse(...) to validate against the Zod schema and produce the typed input the handler expects. Call myTool.handler(input, ctx) directly, not through the MCP SDK or any framework wrapper. Assert on the return value for happy paths; use .rejects.toThrow() for error paths. Test format separately if the tool defines one — it's a pure function and needs no ctx. Verify the rendered text includes the fields the LLM needs, and for projection-style tools, add a case with non-default field selections.

---

Testing with optional capabilities

it('uses elicitation when available', async () => {
  const elicit = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({
    action: 'accept',
    content: { format: 'json' },
  });
  const ctx = createMockContext({ elicit });
  const input = myTool.input.parse({ query: 'hello' });
  await myTool.handler(input, ctx);
  expect(elicit).toHaveBeenCalledOnce();
});

it('uses sampling when available', async () => {
  const sample = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({
    role: 'assistant',
    content: { type: 'text', text: 'Summary text' },
  });
  const ctx = createMockContext({ sample });
  const input = myTool.input.parse({ query: 'summarize this' });
  const result = await myTool.handler(input, ctx);
  expect(result.summary).toBeDefined();
});

it('handles missing elicitation gracefully', async () => {
  // ctx.elicit is undefined — handler must check before calling
  const ctx = createMockContext();
  const input = myTool.input.parse({ query: 'hello' });
  // Should not throw even when ctx.elicit is absent
  await expect(myTool.handler(input, ctx)).resolves.toBeDefined();
});

---

Testing with form-based client payloads

LLM clients only send populated fields. Form-based clients (MCP Inspector, web UIs) submit the full schema shape — optional object fields arrive with empty-string inner values instead of undefined. Both are valid MCP usage. Test that handlers handle both gracefully.

describe('form-client payloads', () => {
  it('skips optional object when inner fields are empty strings', async () => {
    const ctx = createMockContext();
    // Form client sends the object with empty values instead of omitting it
    const input = myTool.input.parse({
      query: 'test',
      dateRange: { minDate: '', maxDate: '' },
    });
    const result = await myTool.handler(input, ctx);
    // Should succeed — empty dateRange is ignored, not passed downstream
    expect(result.items).toBeDefined();
  });

  it('uses optional object when inner fields have real values', async () => {
    const ctx = createMockContext();
    const input = myTool.input.parse({
      query: 'test',
      dateRange: { minDate: '2025-01-01', maxDate: '2025-12-31' },
    });
    const result = await myTool.handler(input, ctx);
    // Should apply the date filter
    expect(result.items).toBeDefined();
  });
});

The pattern: parse through the schema (confirms Zod accepts the payload), call the handler, assert the empty-value case produces correct results — no errors, no corrupted downstream queries. Same applies to optional arrays: test with [] to verify the handler skips rather than passes through.

---

Testing with sparse upstream payloads

This is a different problem from form-client '' payloads. Here the upstream API omits fields entirely. The risk is either a validation failure from an over-strict schema or a quiet lie where missing data turns into a concrete fact.

describe('sparse upstream payloads', () => {
  it('preserves missing upstream fields as unknown', async () => {
    const upstream = {
      id: 'repo-123',
      name: 'Widget Repo',
      // archived and star_count omitted entirely
    };

    const normalized = normalizeRepo(upstream);
    expect(normalized).toEqual({
      id: 'repo-123',
      name: 'Widget Repo',
    });

    const output = repoSearchTool.output.parse({
      repos: [normalized],
    });
    const blocks = repoSearchTool.format!(output);
    expect((blocks[0] as { text: string }).text).toContain('Archived:** Not available');
    expect((blocks[0] as { text: string }).text).not.toContain('Archived:** No');
  });
});

What to verify:

• Fixtures omit fields entirely, not just set them to null or ''.
• Normalization/helpers tolerate missing fields without fabricating defaults.
• Handler output still validates against the declared output schema.
• format() uses explicit unknown-state fallbacks instead of inventing facts.
• Tool-semantic defaults are tested separately from upstream absence so the distinction stays clear.

---

Vitest config

Extend the framework's base config using mergeConfig. The base provides globals: true, pool: 'forks', isolate: true, tsconfigPaths, and a Zod SSR compatibility fix. Add only the @/ alias for your server's source:

// vitest.config.ts
import { defineConfig, mergeConfig } from 'vitest/config';
import coreConfig from '@cyanheads/mcp-ts-core/vitest.config';

export default mergeConfig(coreConfig, defineConfig({
  resolve: {
    alias: { '@/': new URL('./src/', import.meta.url).pathname },
  },
}));

mergeConfig deep-merges the framework base with your overrides. The base sets globals: true (describe, it, expect, etc. available without imports), pool: 'forks' and isolate: true (test files run in separate worker processes), and ssr: { noExternal: ['zod'] } for Zod 4 compatibility. The resolve.alias entry maps @/ to src/, matching the paths alias in tsconfig.json so imports like @/services/... resolve correctly in tests.

---

Test isolation

Construct dependencies fresh in beforeEach. Never share mutable state across tests.

import { beforeEach, describe, expect, it } from 'vitest';
import { initMyService } from '@/services/my-domain/my-service.js';

describe('myTool with service', () => {
  beforeEach(() => {
    // Re-initialize with a fresh instance before each test
    initMyService(mockConfig, mockStorage);
  });

  it('calls service correctly', async () => {
    const ctx = createMockContext({ tenantId: 'test-tenant' });
    // ...
  });
});

• Re-init services with initMyService() (or equivalent) in beforeEach when tests share a module-level singleton.
• Vitest runs test files in separate workers — parallel file execution is safe by default.
• Use createMockContext({ tenantId }) whenever the handler accesses ctx.state — omitting tenantId causes ctx.state to throw.

---

McpError assertions

import { McpError, JsonRpcErrorCode } from '@cyanheads/mcp-ts-core/errors';

it('throws NotFound for missing resource', async () => {
  const ctx = createMockContext();
  const input = myTool.input.parse({ id: 'nonexistent' });
  await expect(myTool.handler(input, ctx)).rejects.toMatchObject({
    code: JsonRpcErrorCode.NotFound,
  });
});

Use .rejects.toThrow(McpError) to assert type only. Use .rejects.toMatchObject({ code: ... }) when the specific error code matters.